The humerus articulates with both bones in the forearm, the ulna and radius. The two joints linking these bones — the humeroulnar and humeroradial joints — are hinge joints and are capable of flexion and extension of the elbow.

In this influential 2009 paper, the authors provide an alternative explanation for the Warburg effect, proposing “that the metabolism of cancer cells, and indeed all proliferating cells, is adapted to facilitate the uptake and incorporation of nutrients into the biomass needed to produce a new cell. Supporting this idea are recent studies showing that (i) several signaling pathways implicated in cell proliferation also regulate metabolic pathways that incorporate nutrients into biomass; and that (ii) certain cancer-associated mutations enable cancer cells to acquire and metabolize nutrients in a manner conducive to proliferation rather than efficient ATP production. A better understanding of the mechanistic links between cellular metabolism and growth control may ultimately lead to better treatments for human cancer.”