This 2016 trial by Robert Lustig et al. was designed to isolate the specific effects of a reduction in dietary fructose on various markers of metabolic health. Prior to this research, evidence investigating the metabolic impact of sugar consumption was confounded by multiple factors, including the unreliability of dietary recall, giving subjects unrealistic doses of fructose, subject weight gain or weight loss, and caloric intake changes. This trial, focused specifically on dietary sugar reduction, indicated a decrease in hyperinsulinemia, an increase in peripheral lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation, and possibly improved liver health as a result of dietary sugar restriction alone.