This 2013 paper considers the dramatic rise in the rate of retraction for published scientific research since the 1990s. The authors conclude, “The increase in retracted articles appears to reflect changes in the behavior of both authors and institutions.” They list a variety of possible factors for the increase, including a widening scope of reasons for retraction (such as plagiarism and duplicate publication), an increase in the number and proportion of retractions by authors with a single retraction, and greater scrutiny of high-profile publications.